Cuarteto para el fin de los tiempos - Quartet for the end of times

 

Technique: Sound Installation. Two violins, one viola and one chelo, steel strings, tensors, audio.

Técnica: Instalación Sonora. Dos vioines, una viola, un chelo, cables de acero, tensores y audio.

Centro Cultural Plaza Fátima, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León. Junio de 2023.

Curadora: Virginie Kastel

 

Quartet for the end of times - 4th movement - Contermporary Period

 

The title of the installation refers to the work of composer Olivier Messiaen, who composed and presented the Quartet for the End of Time in 1941 while he was imprisoned in a concentration camp at the beginning of the Second World War. The work, in eight movements, integrates the instruments to which the prisoners had access, and is based on the Gospel according to John, which speaks of the Apocalypse. For this work, Manuel Rocha Iturbide returned to the biblical origin of Messiaen's piece from two perspectives: firstly, showing the instruments of a string quartet as open bodies, recreating from them an image of purgatory, and secondly, accompanying them of a sound palimpsest from a significant sample of all the string quartets written in history. The violin, viola and cello are emblematic acoustic instruments, symbols of acoustic perfection in the lutherie of bowed string instruments. In this work, wooden logs turned into instruments, now metaphorically becoming pieces of wood that take the shape of a Crux Immissa (Latin Cross), one of the different crosses used in crucifixions in ancient Chaldea and Rome. But in addition, the tension and suspension of the string instruments also bears the shape of a crossed cross, the letter Qui or X which the emperor Constantine claimed to have seen in a vision that led him to be the defender of the Christian faith in Rome

String instruments are here sacralized, but at the same time tortured, reduced to the role of criminals, rebels or slaves. In this work a symbolic, fictional and ambiguous game emerges, with contradictory messages based on the different ritual symbolisms of the different crosses, pagan, Vedic and Christian, as well as with these instruments carved in wood, which due to the evolution of electronic technology and faced with the lack of knowledge and musical alienation of the neophyte public, they seem to have no other option than to condemn themselves, suffering in tension and in silence with the hope of becoming new martyrs. Before Christianity, Persians, Carthaginians, Macedonians, and Romans used crucifixion to punish and execute people sentenced to death. After Christ, it became a symbol of martyrdom. This symbol has also appeared in some other cultures, such as in ancient Tarot cards that could come from Egypt. In the 22 cards of the major arcana of the Tarot of Marseille, the card of a man hanging upside down represents sacrifice and reminds us of the crucifixion of Jesus. The positive aspect of this symbol is salvation through a passive state of enlightenment (the promise of passage from purgatory to heaven after the final judgment). On the other hand, suspending these instruments in the air by means of their own strings reminds us of the taxidermist practices of insect dissection, which attempt to preserve them eternally.


In this installation, these symbols are deconstructed and opened in a polysemous manner. This is an attempt to freeze a string quartet because there is no future. The four instruments are suspended, resembling the arms and legs of a person or insect, but paradoxically, they are suspended in tension, the only way a stringed instrument can vibrate and resonate when interacting with an external object, a bow or a sound. The musical genre of the string quartet has been sacralized throughout its history (1700-2023), becoming a symbol of perfection. Therefore, there is an attempt here to question tradition, and even the future existence of art music. Crucifying the instruments is a way of expressing how mainstream pop music, which is mainly electroacoustic, has been undermining wooden acoustic instruments. Furthermore, a string quartet is like a family, mother (viola), father (cello), and children (violins), and in this way, the current stability of this sacred nucleus is even dangerously questioned.


From a musical point of view, different emblematic string quartets were selected to create the sound of the installation from them, dividing it into four times or movements: 1.Baroque and Classic periods. 2. Romantic Period. 3. Modernist Period. 4. Contemporary Period. The process of composing the sound part of the work was as follows: firstly, all the quartets chosen from each movement were condensed, stacking them on top of each other, starting and ending with little density, and secondly, they were expanded into time using a temporal granulation technique, thus generating very long and static sound masses. The initial time of each track or movement was around 20 minutes each, and the temporal granular dilation of each at the end was 2 hours. The audio of the installation can be played consecutively on two stereo speakers (8 hours), or on 4 or 8 speakers, all four at the same time but on different speakers, repeating in a loop each time the audio of a movement ends.

 

 

Cuarteto para el fin de los tiempos . Centro cultural plaza fatima, San Pedro Nuevo León México. June 2023.


Movement I                                                  Periods:  End of Baroque and Classic 
 

• Georg Philipp Telemann                           Sonata á Violino I, Violino II, Viola e Violono                 1700-1749

• Alessandro Scarlatti                                   Sonata à Quattro No. 4 en D minor, I. Allegro, II. Grave          1715

• Joseph Haydn                                            String Quartet No. 1, Op. 1 en B Major                                      1762

• Frantisek Xaver Richter                            String Quartet in La major                                                          1768

• Florian Leopold Gassmann                       String Quartet No.3 e-moll 4satz Fugue                                     1769

• Carl Friedrich Abel                                    String Quartet No. 2, Op.8. Allegro con Spirito                         1769

• Jan Baptist Vanhal                                    String Quartet No.1, Op.6. en F major                                        1771

• Wofgang Amadeus Mozart                       String Quartet No. 2 en D                                                           1772

• François Joseph Gossec                             String Quartet in La major No.6, Op.15                                     1772

• Johann Michael Haydn                              Quintet for 2 Violines, 2 Violas y Chelo en Sol major               1773

• Giovanni Battista Sammartini                   String Quartet No. 2 en G major.  II. Largo                                1773

• Luigi Boccherini                                        String Quartets Op. 26                                                                1778

• Charles Wesley                                          String Quartet No. 1                                                                   1778

• Christian Cannabich                                  Quartet for Oboe, Violin, Viola & Chelo                                   1780

• Pierre Vachon                                            String Quartet in A major No.1, Op.11. Moderato                     1782

• Ignaz Pleyel                                               String Quartet in C major No. 2, Op. 2.                                     1784

• Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf                      String Quartet No.1 in D major                                                  1789

• Wofgang Amadeus Mozart                       String Quartet No. 21 in D major                                               1789

                                                                

MOVEMENT II                                           Romantic period

 

• Ludwig Van Beethoven                            String Quartet No. 6. Op. 18                                                        1800

• Nicolo Paganini                                        String Quartet No 1 en D minor                                                  1815

• Franz Schubert                                          Quartet No.14 in D minor                                                            1824

• Felix Mendelssohn                                    String Quartet No. 2, Op.13 en A minor                                      1827

• Robert Schumann                                     String Quartet No. 1 in A minor                                                  1842

• Emilie Mayer                                            String Quartet in G minor, Op. 14                                               1858

• Johannes Brahms                                      String Quartet No.1, Op. 51 in C minor                                      1865

• Cesar Franck                                             String Quartet in D major. I. Poco lento – Allegro                      1889

• Alexander Borodin                                   String Quartet No. 2                                                                     1881

• Alexander Glazunov                                 String Quartet No. 1, Op. 1                                                          1882

• Bed?ich Smetana                                      String Quartet No. 1 “De mi vida”                                              1876

• Edvard Grieg                                             String Quartet No. 1 en G minor                                                 1877

• Hugo Wolf                                                String Quartet in D minor                                                            1878

• Charles Gounod                                        String Quartet No. 2 en A major. II. Alegretto                            1887

• Antonín Dvor?ák                                        String Quartet No.12 en F major, Op. 96                                    1893

• Ferruccio Busoni                                       String Quartet No. 1, Op. 19                                                        1882

• Jean Sibelius                                             String Quartet in D minor, Op. 56                                               1909

• Gabriel Fauré                                            String Quartet in E minor, Op. 121                                              1924

• Leoš Janác?ek                                            String Quartet No. 2 “Intimate Letters”                                       1928

• Ernest Bloch                                             String Quartet No. 3                                                                     1953

 

MOVEMENT III                                         Modern Period

 

• Claude Debussy                                         String Quartet g-moll, Op.10                                                      1893

• Alexander Zemlinsky                                Quartet No. 1 in A mayor Op. 4                                                  1896

• Charles Ives                                               String Quartet No. 1                                                                    1896

• Julián Carrillo                                            String Quartet No. 1                                                                    1902

• Maurice Ravel                                           String Quartet in F mayor                                                           1903

• Arnold Schönberg                                     String Quartet No. 1 en D menor, Op. 7                                     1905

• Anton Webern                                           Five movements for String Quartet Op. 5                                   1909

• Alban Berg                                                String Quartet Op. 3                                                                    1910

• Heitor Villa-Lobos                                    String Quartet No. 1                                                                    1915

• Darius Milhaud                                          String Quartet No. 4, Op. 46                                                       1918

• Nadia Boulanger                                        Luz Aeterna, para voz, harpa, órgano y String Quartet              1918

• Gian Francesco Malipiero                         Quartetto per archi No.1 Rispetti e strambotti                            1920

• Alois Hába                                                String Quartet No.2                                                                     1920

• Paul Hindemith                                          String Quartet No. 4, Op. 22                                                       1921

• Aaron Copland                                          Two Pieces for String Quartet                                                    1923

• George Antheil                                          String Quartet No.1                                                                     1924

• Hans Pfitzner                                             String Quartet No. 3                                                                    1925

• Béla Bartók                                                String Quartet No. 4                                                                    1928

• Sergei Prokofiev                                        Quartet No. 1                                                                               1930

• Silvestre Revueltas                                    Quartetto per archi No.1                                                             1931

• Henry Cowell                                            String Quartet No. 4                                                                    1934

• Hanns Eisler                                              String Quartet Op. 75                                                                  1938

• Alberto Ginastera                                      String Quartet No. 1, Op. 20                                                       1948

• Dmitri Shostakovich                                  String Quartet No. 8                                                                    1960

• Bernard Herrmann                                     Echoes for String Quartet                                                           1965

• Stephan Wolpe                                          String Quartet                                                                              1969

 

MOVEMENT IV                                         Contemporary

 

• Benjamin Britten                                       String Quartet No 1 en D mayor, Op. 25                                    1941

• Pierre Boulez                                             Livre Pour Quatuor                                                                     1949

• John Cage                                                 String Quartet in Four Parts                                                        1950

• György Ligeti                                            String Quartet No. 2                                                                    1953

• Bruno Maderna                                        Quartetto per archi in due tempi                                                  1955

• Iannis Xenakis                                           ST 4, 1-080262 for string quartet                                                1956

• Krzysztof Penderekci                                Quartetto per archi No.1                                                             1960

• Toru Takemitsu                                         Landscape                                                                                   1960

• Christian Wolff                                          Summer for string quartet                                                           1961

• Jaqueline Nova                                          Little suite for String Quartet                                             circa 1963

• Earle Brown                                              String Quartet                                                                              1965

• Mauricio Kagel                                          String Quartet No. 1                                                                    1965

• Witold Lutoslawki                                     String Quartet                                                                              1965

• Alfred Schnittke                                        String Quartet No. 1                                                                    1966

• George Crumb                                           Black Angels                                                                               1970

• Milton Babbitt                                           String Quartet No. 4                                                                    1970

• Lejaren Hiller                                            String Quartet No. 6                                                                    1972

• Hans Werner Henze                                  String Quartet No.3                                                                     1975

• Alexander Goehr                                       String Quartet No. 3                                                                    1976

• Henri Dutilleux                                         String Quartet, Ainsi la nuit                                                        1976

• R. Murray Schafer                                     String Quartet No. 2, Waves                                                       1976

• György Kurtág                                           12 Microludes for String Quartet                                                1977

• Brian Ferneyhough                                    String Quartet No. 2                                                                    1979

• Luigi Nono                                                Fragmente - Stille, an Diotima                                                    1979

• Terry Riley                                                G-Song                                                                                        1980

• Morton Feldman                                        String Quartet No.2                                                                     1983

• Giacinto Scelsi                                           String Quartet No. 5                                                                    1984

• Julio Estrada                                              Ishini'Ioni                                                                                    1984

• Tan Dun                                                     Eight Colors                                                                                1986

• Kaija Saariaho                                           Nymphéa for String Quartet and electronics                              1987  

• Conlon Nancarrow                                    String Quartet No. 3                                                                    1987

• Sofía Gubaidulina                                      String Quartet No. 2                                                                    1987

• Mario Lavista                                            Reflejos de la Noche                                                                   1988

• Helmut Lachenmann                                 Streichquartett No.2,  Reigen seliger Geister                             1989

• Steve Reich                                                Triple Quartet                                                                              1989

• Isang Yun                                                  String Quartet No. 5                                                                    1990

• Henryk Mikolaj Goreki                             Cuarteto No. 2, Op. 64, Quasi una Fantasia                               1990

• Karlheinz Stockhausen                              Helikopter-Streichquartett                                                          1991

• James Dillon                                              String Quartet No. 2                                                                    1991

• Arvo Pärt                                                   Summa for strings                                                                       1992

• Pascal Dusapin                                          Quatuor III                                                                                  1993

• Alvin Curran                                              VSTO for string quartet                                                              1994

• Elliott Carter                                              String Quartet No.5                                                                     1995

• Luciano Berio                                            String Quartet No.4, Glosse                                                        1997

• Salvatore Sciarrino                                    String Quartet No. 7                                                                    1999

• Shigeru Kan-no                                         String Quartet VI                                                                        1999

• Michael Torke                                           Corner in Manhattan for String Quartet                                      2000

• Wolfgang Rihm                                         String Quartet No. 12                                                                  2000

• Beat Furrer                                                 String Quartet No. 3                                                                    2004

• Peter Maxwell Davies                               A Sad Paven For These Distracted Tymes                                 2004

• Manuel Rocha Iturbide                              Tetraktis for String Quartet and electronics                                2007

• Ezequiel Viñao                                          Quartet III,  Sirocco Dust                                                            2009

• Dieter Schnebel                                         String Quartet,  Im Raum                                                            2010

• Ana Lara                                                    Au-delà du visible                                                                       2011

• Tristan Murail                                            Lachrymae                                                                                  2011

• Harrison Birtwistle                           Hoquetus irvineus                                                                   2014

 

 

El título de la instalación hace alusión a la obra del compositor Olivier Messiaen, quien compuso y presentó el Cuarteto para el fin del tiempo en 1941 mientras estaba preso en un campo de concentración al principio de la segunda guerra mundial. La obra en ocho movimientos, integra los instrumentos a los que tenían acceso los prisioneros, y está basada en el evangelio según Juan que habla del Apocalipsis. Para esta obra, Manuel Rocha Iturbide retomó el origen bíblico de la pieza de Messiaen desde dos perspectivas: en primer lugar, mostrando a los instrumentos de un cuarteto de cuerdas como cuerpos abiertos, recreando a partir de estos una imagen del purgatorio, y en segundo lugar, acompañándolos de un palimpsesto sonoro a partir de una muestra significativa de todos los cuartetos de cuerdas escritos en la historia. El violín, la viola y el violonchelo son instrumentos acústicos emblemáticos, símbolos de la perfección acústica en la luthería de los instrumentos de cuerda frotada. En esta obra, troncos de madera convertidos en instrumentos, se convierten ahora metafóricamente en piezas de madera que toman la forma de una Crux Immissa (Cruz Latina), una de las diferentes cruces utilizadas en las crucifixiones en la Caldea y Roma antiguas. Pero además, la tensión y la suspensión de los instrumentos de cuerda, lleva también la forma de una cruz cruzada, la letra Qui o X, que el emperador Constantino declaró haber visto en una visión que lo llevó a ser el defensor de la fe cristiana en Roma.

Los instrumentos de cuerda son aquí sacralizados, pero al mismo tiempo torturados, reducidos al papel de criminales, rebeldes o esclavos. En esta obra surge un juego simbólico, ficticio y ambiguo, con mensajes contradictorios basados en los diferentes simbolismos rituales de las diferentes cruces, paganas, védicas y cristianas, así como con estos instrumentos tallados en madera, que debido a la evolución de la tecnología electrónica y ante el desconocimiento y alienación musical del público neófito, parecen no tener otra opción que condenarse a sí mismos, sufriendo en tensión y en silencio con la esperanza de convertirse en nuevos mártires. Antes del cristianismo, persas, cartagineses, macedonios y romanos usaron la crucifixión para castigar y ejecutar a las personas condenadas a muerte. Después de Cristo, se convirtió en símbolo del martirio. Este símbolo también ha aparecido en algunas otras culturas, como en las antiguas cartas del Tarot que podrían provenir de Egipto. En las 22 cartas de los arcanos mayores del Tarot de Marsella, la carta de un hombre colgado de cabeza representa al sacrificio y nos recuerda a la crucifixión de Jesús. El aspecto positivo de este símbolo es la salvación a través de un estado pasivo de iluminación (la promesa de pasar del purgatorio al cielo después del juicio final). Por otro lado, suspender a estos instrumentos en el aire por medio de sus propias cuerdas, nos recuerdan las prácticas taxidermistas de la disección de insectos, que intentan preservarlos eternamente.

En esta instalación, se deconstruyen estos símbolos y se abren de manera polisémica. Se trata de un intento de congelar a un cuarteto de cuerdas porque ya no hay futuro. Los cuatro instrumentos están colgados, asemejándose a los brazos y piernas de una persona o insecto, pero paradójicamente, están suspendidos en tensión, la única forma en que un instrumento de cuerda puede vibrar y resonar al interactuar con un objeto externo, un arco o un sonido. El género musical del cuarteto de cuerdas se ha ido sacralizando a través de su historia (1700-2023), convirtiéndose en un símbolo de perfección. Por ello, hay aquí un intento por cuestionar la tradición, e incluso a la existencia futura de la música culta. Crucificar los instrumentos es una forma de expresar cómo la música pop mediática, que es principalmente electroacústica, ha ido socavando a los instrumentos acústicos de madera. Además, un cuarteto de cuerdas es como una familia, madre (viola), padre (Violonchelo), e hijos (violines), y de esta forma, se cuestiona incluso de manera peligrosa a la estabilidad actual de este núcleo sagrado.

Desde el punto de vista musical, se seleccionaron distintos cuartetos de cuerdas emblemáticos para crear a partir de ellos el sonido de la instalación, dividiéndolo en cuatro tiempos o movimientos: 1.Períodos Barroco y Clásico. 2. Período Romántico. 3. Período Modernista. 4. Período Contemporáneo. El proceso de la composición de la parte sonora de la obra fue el siguiente, en primer lugar se condensaron todos los cuartetos escogidos de cada movimiento encimándolos los unos sobre los otros, comenzando y terminando con poca densidad, y en segundo lugar, se expandieron en el tiempo mediante una técnica de granulación temporal, generando de este modo masas sonoras muy largas y estáticas. El tiempo inicial de cada tiempo o movimiento fue de alrededor de 20 minutos cada uno, y la dilatación granular temporal de cada uno al final fue de 2 horas. El audio de la instalación se puede tocar de manera consecutiva en dos altavoces estéreo (8 horas), o en 4 u 8 altavoces los cuatro al mismo tiempo pero en distintos altavoces, repitiéndose en un loop cada vez que el audio de un movimiento termina.